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                      莫扎特之旅-文化交流-音乐历史上的今天                    
                     
 
 
                   
                     

                   
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                                    田润德 编译文/图 2020-07-28  20:36

 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫(Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750)      
         
 

巴赫E大调第二小提琴协奏曲 BWV 1042 (卡拉扬指挥,安妮-索菲·穆特演奏)

     
 

Bach Violin Concerto No. 2 in E Major, BWV 1042, conducted by Karajan,

Anne-Sophie Mutter

     
  这是巴赫现存的这三首小提琴协奏曲中最受欢迎的一首,大约作于1717-1723年间。乐队配置为两把小提琴,中提琴、大提琴、低音大提琴个一把以及古钢琴,共3个乐章:第一乐章是快板,这一乐章是平衡的ABA三段曲式,对比性的中间部分发展了叠句片段,第三段则是第一段的反复;第二乐章慢板,独奏小提琴奏出纤细高雅而又富有表情的旋律;第三乐章非常快的快板,采用的是法国芭蕾回旋曲与意大利复奏形式的复合形态。      
 
     
  音乐历史上的今天

1750年7月28日“8点45分刚过,约翰.塞巴斯蒂安.巴赫依我主的旨意,在他生命的第66个年头里很平静安详地离开人世。”
约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫(
Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750)是过去复调音乐艺术的继承人,他是巴洛克音乐的巅峰代表,是最后一位伟大的宗教艺术家,是音乐史上的巨人之一。
 巴赫家族祖祖辈辈都是职业音乐家,自16世纪末开始,巴赫家族就以音乐世家著称,两年之内,共诞生了数十位音乐家,他们多半活跃于图林根或邻近地区,传到他这儿已是第五代了。他的子女当中后来又有几个成为有名的音乐界人士,这个家族真可谓地地道道的音乐世家。对于具有极高音乐天赋的小巴赫来说,在这样的环境中成长原是十分幸运的。
 8岁那年,巴赫进入拉丁语学校接受广泛的学科教育。在家中,巴赫则跟随着父亲学习小提琴和大提琴的演奏技巧,并且随叔叔学管风琴。然而巴赫的学习生涯并非就此一帆风顺,母亲在他9岁时不幸病故,翌年,父亲也去世了,年幼的巴赫只好寄居在哥哥家中,一面继续就学,一面跟随哥哥学习管风琴与大键琴。那时,巴赫还在教会合唱团中担任童声女高音。基于对音乐的酷爱与渴望,他在很短的时间内便已熟练哥哥为他安排的所有乐曲学习课程,但这似乎并不能满足他的学习欲求,他一再央求哥哥让他看一看当时一些著名大师如弗罗贝格尔、克尔和帕海贝尔等人的大键琴曲乐谱,但都被哥哥严厉地拒绝。尽管家里存放着大量音乐资料,可专横的兄长就是不允许他翻阅学习,无论他怎样苦苦恳求也无济于事。小巴赫只得趁哥哥离家外出与深夜熟睡之际,在月光下偷偷地把心爱的曲谱一笔一划地抄下来,历时长达半年之久,因而大大损坏了他的视力,以至他的晚年在双目失明中痛苦地度过,直至去世。
 一个年仅10岁且丧失双亲的孩子居然是以这种方式来向自己的家庭索取宝贵的知识,多么可悲而又可敬啊!奇怪的是,如此高尚而执著的追求竞打动不了他的兄长——当他发现了弟弟的秘密时,立即暴跳如雷,不仅无情地没收了小巴赫的全部心血,而且还严厉地惩罚了他,毫无自省与怜悯之心。
 15岁时,巴赫觉得不能再寄人篱下了。他终于只身离家,走上了独立生活的道路。
 他靠美妙的歌喉与出色的古钢琴、小提琴、管风琴的演奏技艺,被吕讷堡的迈克利斯教堂附设的唱诗班录取,同时进入神学学校学习。这里的图书馆藏有丰富的古典音乐作品,巴赫一头钻进去,像块巨大的海绵,全力汲取、融合着欧洲各种流派的艺术成就,开阔了自己的音乐视野。
 为了练琴,他常常彻夜不眠,通宵达旦。每逢假日,他都要步行数十里去汉堡聆听名家的演奏。
 回顾巴赫的成长道路,我们可以发现,他曾向许多有名的音乐家请教,但却从未得到过一位正式的老师长期的指导。正因如此,他才如同一只辛勤的蜜蜂,到处寻找与吮吸营养,历尽辛劳,在所不不惜。
 在巴赫的一生中,贫困与死亡像一对可怕的魔鬼紧紧相随。他先后两次结婚,共生有20个孩子。他不仅从未享有过富裕舒适的生活,而且从9岁起就因父母相继去世而开始感受到死的阴郁,做父亲后,又眼睁睁地看见自己的11个孩子走进了坟墓。
 巴赫晚年为医治眼睛做了两次手术,结果不仅未能重见光明,反而拖垮了他的身体,终于在1750年7月28日离开了人间。
 巴赫的职业生涯虽然周旋于贵族宫廷与教堂之间,即使音乐依附在宗教体系之下,他的作品也着重表现平民的思想感情以及苦难。他的创作也有谐趣、欢快的主题,表现为对幸福和理想的希望,对痛苦和凌辱的克服,也隐含着对现实的不满和抗议。他的那些赞美诗(圣咏)和受难曲便是其代表作。
 巴赫的创作一般可分为三个主要阶段——魏玛时代(1 708~1717),是他创作臻于成熟的时代。柯登时代(1717~1723),则是他创作的高峰,许多成绩卓越的作品,都完成于这个时代。莱比锡时代(1723~1750),是巴赫将宗教艺术推展到最高境界的时期。
 巴赫的音乐作品包罗万象,除歌剧外遍及当时所有的音乐领域。尽管作品中的大部分早已散失,但仍有500多部保留下来。纵观古往今来的音乐,作品气势磅礴者固然不少,但论及对音乐史及音乐教育的贡献时,巴赫无疑令人望尘莫及。这位巴洛克时期的音乐巨匠,开启了后世对位音乐、平均律、赋格曲等音乐技巧的崭新境界,巩固了继他之后音乐艺术的稳定基石,成了海顿、莫扎特、贝多芬等音乐伟人艺术传承的源头。
 巴赫在音乐艺术上的最大成就是将复调音乐推上一个空前的高度,在这个领地里,可以说他已达到了炉火纯青、登峰造极之境界。

今日视频:1、巴赫E大调第二小提琴协奏曲 BWV 1042 (卡拉扬指挥,安妮-索菲·穆特2、巴赫D小调双小提琴协奏曲——梅纽因&奥伊斯特拉赫(1958)

 
 
 
 
 
   
  巴赫给普鲁士国王弹管风琴      
  Bach played the organ to the King of Prussia      
  巴赫早年经历
1685年3月31日,约翰塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫出生于德国图林根州埃森纳赫的一个音乐世家,他是约翰·安布罗西乌斯·巴赫与玛丽亚·伊丽莎白·巴赫的第七个也是最后一个孩子。1693年,就读于埃森纳赫拉丁语学校,并参加学校唱诗班接受歌唱训练 。
1694年5月1日,巴赫的母亲去世,终年50岁。1695年2月20日,巴赫的父亲去世,享年49岁 ;同年,因父母离世,巴赫与其兄约翰·雅各布前往奥尔德鲁夫,加入了长兄——管风琴师约翰·克里斯多夫的家庭 ;在此期间,长兄教授了弟弟管风琴的演奏技能和一些作曲基础理论,在其培养下,巴赫的音乐技能得到了一定的提高 。1695年至1700年,进入奥尔德鲁夫学园学习,从三等班读到一等班 。
1700年3月15日,离开奥尔德鲁夫,进入米歇尔学校唱诗班学习 。1702年4月,从米歇尔学校毕业,返回图林根地区;7月,申请赞格豪森圣雅各比教堂的市镇管风琴职位,因公爵的干预,此职位被让予他人 ;同年,多次徒步前往汉堡聆听赖因肯的管风琴演奏,并前往策勒聆听法国风格的室内乐演奏 。1703年,在萨克森·魏玛的约翰·恩斯特公爵处担任音乐仆人;7月,在阿恩施塔特的新教堂测试管风琴。
     
   
  巴赫恰空手稿      
  Bachchan manuscript      
  Artist Bach's early experiences
Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany, on March 31, 1685 into a musical family. He was the seventh and last child of Johann Ambrosius Bach and Maria Elisabeth Bach.In 1693, he attended the Essenach Latin School and joined the school choir for singing training.
Bach's mother died on May 1, 1694, at the age of 50.Bach's father died on February 20, 1695, at the age of 49;In the same year, following the death of his parents, Bach and his brother, John Jacob, moved to Oldrough to join the family of his elder brother, organist John Christopher;During this period, the elder brother taught his brother the playing skills of the organ and some basic theories of composition. Under his cultivation, Bach's musical skills were improved to some extent.From 1695 to 1700, he studied in The Oldrof Academy, from the third class to the first class.
On March 15, 1700, he left Oldrof and enrolled in the Choir of Michel's school.In April 1702, he graduated from Michel's school and returned to Thuringia.In July, he applied for the post of town organ at St Jacoby's Church in Zanghausen, which was ceded to others because of the duke's intervention;In the same year, I went to Hamburg on foot to hear Reinken playing the organ, and to Celle to hear french-style chamber music.In 1703, he served as musical servant to Duke John Ernst of Saxe-Weimar;In July, the organ was tested at the new church in Arnstadt.
     
   
  在圣托马斯教堂前的巴赫雕塑      
   
  巴赫《马太受难曲》手稿      
  Pages from Score of the 'St. Matthew Passion'      
  Today in the history of music
July 28, 1750 "Shortly after 8:45, Johann Sebastian Bach died peacefully and peacefully in the 66th year of his life, according to the will of our Lord."
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) is the heir of the past polyphonic music art, he is the peak representative of Baroque music, is the last great religious artist, is one of the giants of music history.
Bach's family has been a professional musician for generations. Since the end of the 16th century, Bach's family has been known as a musical family. Within two years, dozens of musicians were born, most of them were active in Thuringia or nearby areas, and it was the fifth generation that came to Bach.Several of his children went on to become famous musicians, and the family was truly musical.It was fortunate for the young Bach, who was very musical, to grow up in such an environment.
At the age of eight, Bach attended a Latin school where he was taught a wide range of subjects.At home, Bach followed his father to learn the skills of playing the violin and cello, and learned the organ from his uncle.However, Bach's learning career was not always smooth. His mother died of illness when he was 9 years old, and his father died the following year. Bach had to live in his brother's home while continuing his schooling and learning the organ and harpsichord.At the time, Bach was a soprano for children in the church choir.Based on a love of music and desire, he is skilled in a very short period of time brother as he arranged all the music courses, but it doesn't seem to satisfy his desire of learning, he has repeatedly pleaded with brother let him have a look at some famous masters, such as Florida, berger, Kerr and seashells large keys, the music of violin music such as people but are brother sternly refused.In spite of the great store of musical materials in the house, his imperious brother would not allow him to study, no matter how much he entreated him to do so.Little Bach had to secretly transcribe the beloved music in the moonlight while his brother was away from home and sleeping late at night. It lasted for half a year, which greatly damaged his vision and led him to spend his old age in agony in blindness until his death.
How pathetic and admirable is it that a 10-year-old who has lost both parents should be seeking valuable knowledge from his family in this way!It is strange that such a noble and obsessive pursuit could not move his elder brother -- when he discovered his brother's secret, he went into a rage and not only mercilessly confiscated all Bach's blood, but also severely punished him without introspection or pity.
At 15, Bach felt he could no longer depend on others.He finally left home alone and embarked on the road of independent life.
With a beautiful voice and excellent skills at clavichord, violin and organ, he was admitted to the choir of The Church of Mycleis in Luneburg and attended theological school.The library contained a wealth of classical music, and Bach plunged into it like a giant sponge, absorbing with all his might the artistic achievements of various European genres and broadening his musical horizon.
In order to practice the piano, he often stayed up all night.Every holiday, he would walk dozens of miles to Hamburg to hear famous musicians play.
Looking back on Bach's growth path, we can find that he consulted many famous musicians, but never received long-term guidance from a formal teacher.Because of this, he is just like a diligent bee, looking for and sucking nourishment everywhere, go through all the pains, do not hesitate.
In Bach's life, poverty and death went hand in hand like a pair of terrible demons.He married twice and had 20 children.Not only did he never enjoy a life of wealth and comfort, but from the age of nine he began to feel the gloom of death as his parents died one after another, becoming a father only to see 11 of his children go to the grave.
Bach underwent two surgeries for his eyes in his later years. The result was that he could not see again, but his body was ruined. He finally died on July 28, 1750.
Bach's career revolted between the aristocratic court and the church. Even though music was attached to the religious system, his works emphasized the thoughts and feelings of the common people and their sufferings.There are also humorous and cheerful themes in his works, which are expressed as the hope for happiness and ideals, the overcoming of pain and humiliation, and the implicit dissatisfaction and protest against the reality.His hymns (hymns) and crucifixes are representative examples.
Bach's creation can be generally divided into three main stages -- the Weimar Period (1 708 ~ 1717), which is the age when his creation reached maturity.Corden's period (1717 ~ 1723) was the peak of his creation, and many outstanding works were completed in this era.The Leipzig period (1723 ~ 1750) was the period when Bach brought religious art to its highest level.
Bach's musical works covered all the musical fields of his time except opera.Although most of the works have long since disappeared, more than 500 remain.Throughout the history of music, there are many magnificent works, but when it comes to the contribution to the history of music and music education, Bach undoubtedly leaves us in the dust.The great master of baroque music opened up a new realm of counterpoint music, equal temperament, fugue and other musical skills in later ages, consolidated the stable foundation of music art after him, and became the source of artistic inheritance of great music artists such as Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven.
Bach's greatest achievement in the art of music is to push polyphonic music to an unprecedented height. In this realm, it can be said that he has reached the acme of perfection.
Today's video: 1. Bach's Violin Concerto No. 2 in E Major, BWV 1042, conducted by Karajan, Anne-Sophie Mutter;Bach Concerto for double Violins in D Minor -- Menuin & Oysterlach (1958).
 

 
 
 
       
  巴赫的作品108号,康塔塔《装点心灵之爱》总谱的手稿      
  Bach opus 108, the manuscript of Cantata's score of Love that Decorates the Mind      
  音乐中最惊人的奇迹——巴赫      
 

约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫(Johann Sebastian Bach,1685年3月21日-1750年7月28日),巴洛克时期的德国作曲家,杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家,代表作品有《勃兰登堡协奏曲》、《马太受难曲》、《b小调弥撒曲》、《D大调奏鸣曲》,被认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一,并被尊称为“西方近代音乐之父”,也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。他成功地把西欧不同民族的音乐风格浑然融为一体,萃集意大利、法国和德国传统音乐中的精华,曲尽其妙,珠联璧合。
巴赫的音乐就像永恒的和谐正与自己对话,就像上帝创世前心灵的流动,我似乎无耳无眼,也无其它感官,而且我也根本不需要它们,内心却自有一股律动源源而出。
大多数的音乐家通常都能同意这样的观点:巴赫也许是有史以来最伟大的音乐家。然而想要解读他那难以捉摸的音乐本质却并非易事。在这一点上,即使经验丰富的专业人士也发现自己常常为此苦思冥想。
约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫巴赫将巴洛克时期的音乐推向了欧洲的中产阶级家庭
巴赫是位巴洛克时期的作曲家。在音乐上,巴洛克时期从大约1600年一直延续到1750年。文艺复兴时期和后来的古典时期主张秩序、宁静和清晰,巴洛克时期和后来的浪漫时期则主张运动、不安和怀疑。
巴赫的音乐创作意在低音旋律中搭配不和谐和音来表达一种别样的和声。他把音乐破碎成抑扬顿挫、起伏不定的小节线的近代节奏观也在巴洛克时期发展起来。直接导致各种近代奏鸣曲、交响曲、协奏曲、序曲、变奏曲等体裁的其原始形态也在这一时期兴起。
通奏低音,是音乐最完美的基础,用双手以这样一种方式来演奏:左手弹出写下来的音符,同时右手增添谐和音与不谐和音符,以弹出悦耳动听的和声,来赞美上帝的荣耀,并在可允许的范围内愉悦神灵。乃至一切音乐的目的和存在的最终理由不是别的,而是歌颂全能的上帝,以及陶冶心灵。巴赫的创作灵感来源于对不同作曲风格的痴迷对比研究
他对音乐感兴趣的是作曲技法,对这种兴趣他甚至爱的发狂。巴赫好似对这些东西有种贪得无厌的职业好奇心:作曲家到底是如何作曲的?他们的创作思想到底如何?只要有机会,他就会到处去听新音乐的演奏;无法到场亲耳聆听的,他就找来乐谱痴迷阅读。


名人眼中的巴赫
在巴赫的作品中,所有构成音乐生命的细胞都是统一的,因为世界是上帝的;再没有比这更恢弘的复调音乐!——古斯塔夫·马勒(奥地利作曲家、指挥家)


他的名字应该是‘大海’而不是‘小溪’(Bach在德语里是‘小溪’/Brook的意思)。——路德维希·凡·贝多芬(德国作曲家)


J.S巴赫每件事情都已经做得很完美,他是一个善始善终的人。——瓦格纳


所有音乐中最惊人的奇迹。——歌德(德国诗人、作家)

他对意大利音乐具有代表性的作品进行手抄和改编、他的一些管风琴作品和王室音乐就来自于其对法国音乐的努力专研;巴赫还对当时德国的一些作曲家的作品总谱拿来做一遍遍的改编。甚至,他当时通过各种努力将当时难以得到的英国音乐的乐谱手稿拿到手后,进行深度研究。
巴赫怀着对音乐的大胆探索,对那个时代各个国家的知名作曲家不同音乐风格的代表作品全部收集,并且套用当时现成的作曲规则来创作,这样既省事又能使之听起来新颖和独特。

     
       
  圣托马斯教堂内主祭坛前的巴赫墓      
 
     
       
  鲁道夫·加勒演奏巴赫六首奏鸣曲和帕蒂塔唱片封面      
  Rudolf Galle plays Bach's six sonatas and Padita album covers      
   
  巴赫E大调第二小提琴协奏曲 BWV 1042 (卡拉扬指挥,安妮-索菲·穆特)      
 

Bach Violin Concerto No. 2 in E Major, BWV 1042, conducted by Karajan,

Anne-Sophie Mutter

     
 
     
         
  巴赫D小调双小提琴协奏曲——梅纽因&奥伊斯特拉赫(1958)      
  巴赫D小调双小提琴协奏曲BWV1043。小提琴:奥伊斯特拉赫+梅纽因;皮耶·卡普戴维叶指挥法国国家广播公司国立管弦乐室内乐团。
1958年10月24日摄于巴黎百雅厅
   
 
 
 
     
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