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莫扎特之旅－文化交流－音乐历史上的今天


	田润德编译文/图 2020-03-08 16:36

让·西贝柳斯（Jean·Sibelius 1865－1957）

西贝柳斯第二交响曲伯恩斯坦

VPO]Sibelius, Symphonie Nr 2 D Dur op 43

Leonard Bernstein, VPO

音乐历史上的今天

1902年3月8日，西贝柳斯在赫尔辛基演出了他在意大利创作的极为阳光的《第二交响曲》。
让·西贝柳斯（Jean·Sibelius，1865年12月8日－1957年9月20日）是芬兰伟大的民族作曲家和艺术家，是芬兰民族的骄傲和象征。1865年12月8日，西贝柳斯出生在芬兰南部的小镇海门林纳。
西贝柳斯是古利斯蒂·古斯格夫·西贝柳斯军医和玛丽亚·卡塔塔·鲍格3个孩子中的第二个，人们昵称他为“约尼”。他很小就失去父亲，对自己的母亲怀着深深的眷恋。他曾对人说：“她有一副温柔、极其女性化的性格，举止安详。她的自然的态度，平和的本性以及对人世的爱，使每一个接近她、了解她的人都感到悦服。”出身军医、知识分子家庭的西贝柳斯，虽然祖上是瑞典血统，接受的是瑞典文化，可是他在父母的影响下，从少年时代起，就进入讲芬兰语的学校接受教育。强烈的民族感成了他一生的精神支柱。他生性内向而敏感，又有些顽皮。在他的天性中，蕴藏着对大自然的无限热爱。他把自己融汇在美丽、广阔、充满神奇的自然之中。他对普通的功课不感兴趣，在上课时，他时常心不在焉地回答问题。对此，老师总是叹一口气说“哎呀，西贝柳斯又跑到另一个世界上去了。”他确实到了另一个世界，一个远离教室的世界。
西贝柳斯继承了他双亲的音乐才能，尽管他们不是专业音乐家，但他们对音乐的浓厚兴趣影响着他。从5岁起他就表现出非凡的音乐才能；9岁肘开始接受系统的钢琴教育。他对音阶和指法练习兴趣不大，成绩并不突出，却对即兴演奏表现出特别的偏好。他对小提琴尤其入迷，致使他在25岁之前一直渴望能成为一名出色的小提琴家。1876年，一本《作曲学》使他对作曲产生了浓厚兴趣，他孜孜不倦地学起来。5年后，当他进入赫尔辛基音乐学院接受严格的系统训练时，他已经打下了扎实的基础。
1890年他在故乡结识了奥古斯特·亚历山大·贾尼菲尔特中将，他是芬兰杰出的总督兼民族运动领袖，有着坚定的民族信念和精湛的传统文化修养。西贝柳斯通过他了解到新兴的芬兰文化方向。随后他在这个家族中选定了自己的终身伴侣。同年秋天，他与将军的小女儿订了婚。
1892年是西贝柳斯一生中最重要的岁月，因为，他和艾伊诺拉·贾尼菲尔特结了婚。从此，他把自己的全部身心都献给了芬兰的民族主义运动，他的命运和祖国的命运紧紧联系在一起。婚后，他们政治理想一致，艺术追求相同，生活和谐而幸福，他们一共生育了5个女儿。
艾伊诺拉的出身和家庭直接影响到了西贝柳斯作品的政治倾向。民族的骄傲，民族的觉醒，武装起来，反抗压迫者的斗争，这些都是他音乐创作中最重要的主题。
1901年，从他开始创作第二交响曲起，他曾因病体验到两次生命危机。名声的急剧提高，环境的迅速变化和繁忙的社交活动，使他患了严重的耳病。到他写完《小提琴协奏曲》时，病情几乎达到了使他难以忍受的地步。1904年，他在妻子陪同下，离开赫尔辛基搬到耶鲁班帕山中的“耶鲁班帕·艾伊诺拉”别墅里。这座别墅是以他妻子的名字命名的位于芬兰富饶的大自然怀抱中。
搬到别墅后，离开了今人烦恼的社交活动，西贝柳斯在妻子的精心抚慰下，他的耳病渐渐好转，身心也恢复了健康，又集中精力投入了创作。不久，他又在妻子的陪同下，多次访问英国，并亲自指挥自己作品的演出。
1957年9月20日，伟大的民族作曲家西贝柳斯逝世于耶鲁班帕·艾伊诺拉家中。

今日视频：1、伯恩斯坦指挥西贝柳斯《第二交响曲》；2、温格洛夫演奏西贝柳斯《d小调小提琴协奏曲》。

让·西贝柳斯（Jean·Sibelius 1865－1957）

Today in the history of music
On March 8, 1902, sibelius performed in Helsinki the sunniest second symphony he had ever written in Italy.
Jean Sibelius (December 8, 1865 -- September 20, 1957) was a Finnish national composer and artist.Sibelius was born on December 8, 1865, in hymenlina, a town in southern Finland.
Sebelius, nicknamed "Johnny," was the second of three children born to doctor guthrie gustaf sebelius and maria katata baugh.He lost his father when he was very young and cherished a deep affection for his mother."She has a gentle, extremely feminine disposition," he once said, "and a quiet manner.Her natural manner, her peaceful nature, and her love for the world are pleasing to everyone who comes near and knows her."Sibelius, from a military doctor and intellectual family, was educated in a finnish-speaking school from his childhood under the influence of his parents, although he was of Swedish origin and accepted Swedish culture.A strong sense of nationality became the spiritual pillar of his life.He is introverted, sensitive and mischievous by nature.In his nature lay a boundless love of nature.He assimilated himself into a beautiful, vast, magical nature.He is not interested in ordinary lessons and often answers questions absent-mindedly in class.To which the teacher would sigh and say, "oh, sibelius has gone to another world."He did go to another world, a world away from the classroom.
Sibelius inherited his parents' musical talents, and although they were not professional musicians, their keen interest in music influenced him.From the age of five he showed exceptional musical ability;At the age of 9, he began to receive systematic piano education.He showed little interest in scales and fingering, not much success, but a particular preference for improvisation.He was particularly keen on the violin, and until the age of 25 he longed to be a good violinist.In 1876, a book called "the science of composition" made him interested in composing music.Five years later, when he entered the Helsinki conservatory of music for rigorous and systematic training, he had laid a solid foundation.
In 1890, he met lieutenant general auguste Alexander giannefelter in his hometown. He was an outstanding governor and leader of the national movement of Finland, with a strong national faith and exquisite traditional culture.Sibelius learned about the emerging cultural direction of Finland through him.Then he chose his lifelong companion in the family.In the autumn of that year he was engaged to the general's youngest daughter.
1892 was the most important year of sebelius' life, because he married ainola giannefeld.From then on, he devoted his whole body and soul to the nationalist movement in Finland, and his destiny was closely linked with that of his country.After marriage, they had the same political ideal, the same artistic pursuit, a harmonious and happy life, and they had five daughters.
Eiola's birth and family directly influenced the political orientation of sibelius' works.National pride, national awakening, arming, the struggle against oppressors, these are the most important themes in his music.
In 1901, from the time he began to write the second symphony, he experienced two life crises due to illness.The rapid rise of his fame, the rapid change of his environment and the busy social life caused him to suffer from serious ear disease.By the time he had finished the violin concerto, his illness had almost reached a point where he could not bear it.In 1904, accompanied by his wife, he left Helsinki and moved to the villa "Yale bampa ainola" in the Yale bampa hills.The villa was named after his wife in the fertile embrace of nature in Finland.
After moving to the villa, he left his troubled social life. Under his wife's caress, his ear disease gradually improved, his body and mind recovered, and he concentrated on his creation.Soon after, accompanied by his wife, he visited England many times and conducted his own performances.
On September 20, 1957, the great folk composer sebelius died at his home in bampa ainola, Yale.
Today's video: 1. Bernstein conducting sibelius' second symphony; 2.2. Wingloff plays sibelius' violin concerto in d minor.

伦纳德·伯恩斯坦(Leonard Bernstein )

伦纳德·伯恩斯坦是美国作曲家、指挥家、作家、音乐讲师和钢琴家。他是第一批在美国出生并接受教育的指挥家之一，受到了全世界的赞誉。据音乐评论家Donal Henahan说，他是“美国历史上最有才华和最成功的音乐家之一”。

Leonard Bernstein American Composer Leonard Bernstein was an American composer, conductor, author, music lecturer, and pianist. He was among the first conductors born and educated in the U.S. to receive worldwide acclaim. According to music critic Donal Henahan, he was "one of the most prodigiously talented and successful musicians in American history.