| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
 |
|
| |
田润德 编译
文/图 2020-03-22 19:36 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
|
|
| |
威廉·门盖尔贝格(Willem Mengelberg
1871-1950) |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
门盖尔贝格指挥柴可夫斯基第五交响曲1943,布达佩斯 |
|
|
|
| |
Willem Mengelberg conducts
P.I. Tchaikovsky Symphony No.5 I.1943, Budapest |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
音乐历史上的今天
1950年3月22日,80岁的指挥家门盖尔贝格(Willem Mengelberg )死于瑞士,他曾任阿姆斯特丹音乐厅管弦乐团指挥达半个世纪之久,但由于在二战期间同纳粹侵略者进行文化合作,他被终身禁止涉足荷兰音乐界。
门盖尔贝格(Willem Mengelberg
1871-1950),1871年3月28日,生于荷兰乌得勒支。他是一位富有浪漫主义传统的交响乐指挥,在他为阿姆斯特丹格布管弦乐团(Amsterdam
Concertgebouw Orchestra, 1895-1945年)工作期间,将其发展成为世界上最好的管弦乐队之一。
虽然托斯卡尼尼对后世的影响超过其他任何人,但这并不意味着他在同时代指挥身上也留下了烙印。他们的风格大多沿袭十九世纪的传统,已经成了型。当你回望托斯卡尼尼的巅峰时代也就是二十世纪上半叶,那真是黄金年代,遍地都是好机会,这种日子再也不会有了。尼基什、穆克和马勒当时都很活跃。除了托斯卡尼尼之外,还有一批大名鼎鼎的指挥家,比如魏因加特纳、瓦尔特、富特文格勒、比彻姆、斯托科夫斯基、莱纳、安塞梅、克莱伯、蒙特、克伦佩勒、库塞维茨基、奥曼迪、塞尔。
这里面有些人是托斯卡尼尼的对立面。其中三位重要指挥家——门盖尔贝格、富特文格勒和瓦尔特是公认的浪漫派,他们代表的是浪漫主义而非现代传统。这三位中,门盖尔贝格是最伟大的技巧派,好比
钢琴中的霍洛维茨,有着无限的情感和活力。他矮小、圆胖,常常被称为乐队中的拿破仑。考虑到门盖尔贝格对于音乐的随性理念以及不断修改乐谱的习惯,那么当你听说对他影响最大的人是马勒也就不足为怪了,他们1902年见过面。门盖尔贝格对BBC交响乐团声称他是彻彻底底的马勒派,英国中提琴手、作家萧伯纳引用过这段话:
贝多芬同许多作曲家一样,会修改自己的乐谱,哪怕是在出版之后,接着他就聋了。所以为什么指挥不能改乐谱呢?我们经常比作曲家懂得更多呀。我是席德勒最好的学生,他是贝多芬最好的学生,所以我知道贝多芬的意思。(门盖尔贝格是在跟乐团开玩笑。他说的“席德勒”是辛德勒,1864年去世,而门盖尔贝格出生于1871年。)这是施特劳斯的作品,我从小就跟理查·施特劳斯是好朋友,所以我知道他想说什么,所以我们也来改一改吧!
我们并不应该对门盖尔贝格的这种态度批评得太过严厉,至少不应该比批评瓦格纳、马勒更严厉,或者说所有后浪漫主义时代的音乐家。哪怕到了门盖尔贝格的时代,由演奏家来帮助缺乏暴烈感的作曲家也是常有的事。当布索尼因为重写了弗朗克的《前奏、赞美诗和赋格》的部分而遭人诟病时,他只是简单而合理地回答说,弗朗克并不总知道怎么写才能达到自己想要的效果。哪怕冒着无聊乏味的危险,我也要不停地重复一点:对乐谱的忠诚是一项近代发明;我们不应该谴责一位十九世纪的音乐家跟随自己时代的潮流,正如我们不应责怪早期意大利艺术家不知道透视法。
门盖尔贝格在德国接受音乐训练,在卢塞恩指挥了五年,1895年回到祖国荷兰,担任阿姆斯特丹音乐厅管弦乐团的总监。他将一个小地方乐队发展成了交响世界的顶尖名团。他指挥该团长达四十一年之久,直到1941年。在二战中,门盖尔贝格与纳粹政府合作,1945年荷兰名誉委员会禁止他继续参与任何音乐活动。他用艺术为自己辩解。“我的艺术是一种公共财产,不应该剥夺任何人享受它的权利。我对政治没有兴趣。”但事实无法磨灭,1941年他在德国文化内阁中担任了职务,二战中一直在德国指挥。
他是一位有着超群技巧和驱动力的指挥,对马勒和施特劳斯那种音响宏大、曲谱复杂的音乐尤其着迷。施特劳斯将《英雄生涯》(Ein
Heldenleben)题献给他,大家公认没有一位指挥能够演释出那种兴奋、辉煌和戏剧效果。门盖尔贝格留下了一张唱片,让世人皆成见证。作为一位风格大师,他属于瓦格纳派。作为一位真正的浪漫主义者,他会在对比段落放慢速度,使用自由速度,不给人留什么想象空间。直到1930年代,他还让弦乐部在《第九交响曲》的慢板部分使用滑音来加强情感效果。这种过时的效果,以及他的节奏变化,令许多音乐家和评论家不满;然而他的戏剧感和巨型油画效果又让观众如痴如狂。正如劳伦斯·吉尔曼(Lawrence
Gilman)所言:“他的过错叫人生气,但他的美德也很高贵。”
门盖尔贝格在美国相当活跃,1905年之后时常亮相。1919年波士顿交响乐团与他接洽,希望他接任穆克的职位。
最后因为钱没谈拢。“在我印象中,美国一直是个很有钱的国家,”他对一个记者说,“但是从我的聘金来看,似乎并非如此。”后来他指挥纽约爱乐乐团,1927-1928年与托斯卡尼尼共事。一山不容二虎,门盖尔贝格成了输家。温索普·萨金特(Winthrop
Sargeant)说门盖尔贝格将乐团调教得很完美,然而托斯卡尼尼不这么认为,他开始重塑乐团,抛弃了所有门盖尔贝格珍视的理念。托斯卡尼尼对待错误的方式(萨金特语)不是理性的解释而是暴怒,他发怒的时候用指挥棒敲谱架敲到断。门盖尔贝格代表了“有原则和传统的人,为音乐的道德体制而奋斗,他相信体制比自我更伟大。而另一方面,是一位无情而专制的天才,横扫面前一切,要求大家屈从于完全凭一己直觉制定的标准,而非规则和秩序”。乐队的乐手们都知道谁会成为胜利者,可怜的门盖尔贝格的排练变成了一片混乱。门盖尔贝格相信自己的枪,却失去了力量和权威。他本来想坚持到底,忍受了几个音乐季的虐待,但最后还是回了家,再也没回来。
门盖尔贝格还有一个特点:在史上所有指挥家中,他是最有强迫症的话痨。卡尔·弗莱什(Carl Flesch)
一次在排练时看表记了时。大指挥说了一个半小时,然后只排练了三刻钟。萧伯纳描述了第一次为门盖尔贝格排练的情形,当时他已经退休。门盖尔贝格出现,然后开始回忆他在全球各地指挥各大乐团的美好经历。“你们看,没有什么我不知道的。那么双簧管先生,现在给我个A。”然后乐队花了二十五分钟调音,直到指挥满意。这真是彻底的仪式。先是小提琴跟着双簧管调A,然后是整个弦乐声部依次调音,然后是整个乐队各声部依次调音,最后是大管。等到整个乐队找到了A,小提琴再开始调其他几根弦。双簧管像个大主教,必须得“站起身,朝着各声部的方向吹奏,为了让远处的人听到。而门盖尔贝格像尊大佛坐在指挥台上,逐个批评最细小的走音。”终于,乐团把调音时间缩短到了五六分钟。(一些指挥对调音特别敏感。亨利·伍德爵士在执掌早期的女王音乐厅乐队时,特制了一座调音器,用风箱吹一块簧片,保持在华氏59度每秒振动435.5次的频率。他要求每个乐手在后台都得在这台机器旁边登记调音。)
门盖尔贝格的声名在去世后很快烟消云散,这种情况经常发生在技巧大师身上。门盖尔贝格生不逢时,他的两大遗产——技巧和浪漫主义在那个时代都不被看好。后世对他不甚公平,他应该得到更多。他的音乐用现在的标准衡量也许过于造作,但一直充满着生命力、动力和一种信念。至今无人能超越他的音乐色彩,哪怕库塞维茨基和斯托科夫斯基也没能做到。这个矮小的人有一种真实的力量,他是一位伟大的个人,也是乐队最可靠的主人之一。
今日视频:1、门盖尔贝格指挥柴可夫斯基第五交响曲1943,布达佩斯;2、门盖尔贝格指挥阿姆斯特丹管弦乐团
珍贵音乐会录像(1931年录制)。 |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
|
|
| |
门盖尔贝格(Willem Mengelberg )年轻的时候 |
|
|
|
| |
young time of
Mengelberg |
|
| |
 |
|
| |
门盖尔贝格的家乡乌得勒支一座教堂广场上的市民们
——19世纪荷兰著名画家科内利斯·斯普林格 |
|
| |
The citizens of
Utrecht, the hometown of Mengerberg, on a church square
— Cornelis Sprink, a famous Dutch painter of the 19th century |
|
| |
 |
|
| |
门盖尔贝格于 1921 年至 1930 年期间在纽约担任指挥 |
|
| |
Mengegelberg served
as the conductor in New York from 1921 to 1930. |
|
| |
 |
|
| |
1913
年,上述图片的单页版刊登在一家荷兰杂志上。这幅画是特蕾泽·施瓦茨泰(1851 -
1918)为威廉·门克尔伯格所作,画中人物约四十岁,充满激情与威严。该画由韦格纳和莫图绘制。
由阿姆斯特丹画家扬·维勒米森提交的原始杂志页面扫描件——由 R.A.B. 进行修复。 |
|
| |
A one page version of
the above image appeared in a Dutch magazine in 1913. It is of
the painting made by Thérèse Schwartze (1851-1918) of Willem
Mengelberg aged around fourty, expressing passion and
prominence. Original photograph made by Wegner and Mottu.
Scan of the original magazine page submitted by Jan Willemsen,
painter in Amsterdan - restored by R.A.B. |
|
| |
鲁宾·戈德马克对门盖尔贝格的评价 |
|
| |
门盖尔贝格于 1921 年至 1930
年期间在纽约担任指挥。他先是担任国家交响乐团的指挥,从 1922 年起又担任纽约爱乐乐团的指挥(这两支乐团在之后合并)。1925
年 12 月 26 日,威廉·梅肯伯格在由“纽约波西米亚音乐家俱乐部”组织的晚宴上受到了表彰。美国作曲家鲁宾·戈德马克(1872
- 1936)在表彰致辞中说道:
(门盖尔贝格的)品味广泛多样,他的艺术取向也很宽泛。他的演奏曲目涵盖了从巴赫到斯特拉文斯基的作品——乃至更广泛的内容。在他的祖国,尤其是他从不犹豫去探索那些超越常规的东西——正如尼采所说。但容我向在座的各位杰出的评论家们先致歉,如果我侵犯了他们的权限的话。不过我要告诉你们的是,有一次他有了新的领悟,而对我来说,这位最伟大的梅尔伯格就这样被揭示和展现了出来。这纯属个人经历,我事先向在座的各位尊敬的评论家们致歉,如果我擅自侵犯了他们的权利的话。但对我来说,那个时刻是他表现得最为出色的时候——不是在那轰动人心(激动人心)的著名前奏曲演奏中,不是在他钟爱的马勒交响曲中,也不是在对勃拉姆斯的
C
小调交响曲的具有历史意义的演绎中——我对那部作品的每一个细节都记忆犹新——而是有一个夜晚,我听到了那微弱而轻柔的声音,我坐在一场漫长的演出中,大部分时候是安静而严肃的,以深沉的音调进行——然而却有着难以言喻的美,乐队规模缩减,甚至没有小号或长号(实际上他演奏的并非一部管弦乐作品),那是他像宗教仪式般指挥的时候。巴赫的不朽《马太受难曲》——那是我印象中最深刻的一次聆听,演出结束后他对我说的话至今仍让我记忆犹新,他的声音饱含着情感,充满活力:“这是有史以来最美妙的音乐”——“这是有史以来创作出的最动听的音乐”——我知道有一位大师正恭敬地站在我们艺术领域的巅峰面前,他深知自己最大的职责就是忠实诠释这位大师的作品。——鲁宾·戈德马克,1925年 |
|
| |
Rubin Goldmark's evaluation of Mendegaberg |
|
| |
Mengelberg
was conductor in New York from 1921 till 1930. First of the
National Symphony Orchestra and from 1922 on of the New York
Philharmonic Society (after these two orchestras had merged). On
December 26, 1925, Willem Mengelberg was honored during a Dinner
organized by "The Bohemians, New York Musicians' Club". American
composer Rubin Goldmark (1872-1936) said in his honoring speech:
"(Mengelberg's) tastes are catholic and his artistic sympathies
are wide. His programs range from Bach to Strawinsky - and
beyond. In his own country, particularly he does not hesitate to
go behind the beyond - as Nietzsche would say.
But let me tell you of the one occasion, when he joined a new
insight and when to me the greatest Mengelberg of all was
revealed and disclosed.
This is purely personal, and I apologize beforehand to any of
the distinguished critics here present, if I am trespassing on
their prerogatives. But the time that M. loomed to me at his
biggest - no it was not in a crashing (stirring) rendering of
his famous Preludes, - it was not in the Mahler symphonies he
loves so much, it was not even in a historic rendering of the
Brahms C minor Symphony - of which I remember every detail - it
was one night when I heard the still small voice, when I sat
through a long performance, that was mostly quiet, serious, in
dark tones - yet of ineffable beauty, with a reduced orchestra,
that did not even contain horns or trombones (in fact it wasn't
an orchestral work at all that he was rendering), it was when I
heard him conduct, like a religious service, the immortal St.
Matthew's Passion of Bach - that is where M. was at his biggest
for me and when he said to me right after the performance, his
voice still vibrant with emotion: "Diese ist die schönste Musik,
die jeh geschrieben wurde" - This is the most beautiful music
that was ever written -, I knew that there was a master who
stood bowed in reverence before the greatest in our art, and who
felt his greatest function in being his faithful interpreter."
——Rubin Goldmark, 1925 |
|
| |
 |
|
| |
阿姆斯特丹皇家音乐厅(Concertgebouw,
Netherlands):与维也纳金色大厅、波士顿交响厅并称“世界三大音乐厅”,声学设计精妙,观众超80万人次/年 |
|
|
|
| |
Amsterdam Royal Concert Hall
(Concertgebouw, Netherlands): Alongside the Vienna Musikverein and the
Boston Symphony Hall, it is known as one of the "world's three premier
concert halls". Its acoustics are superb, and it hosts over 800,000
visitors annually. |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| |
这是阿姆斯特丹音乐厅的照片,拍摄于威廉·门盖尔伯贝格在纽约备受尊敬的指挥家时期。
这张原始明信片出自上世纪二十年代末。明信片 - 出版方:阿姆斯特丹-代尔夫特市“贝金科夫”杂志公司。 |
|
|
|
| |
The Concertgebouw of
Amsterdam at the time when Willem Mengelberg was a revered
conductor in New York.
Original Postcard from the late nineteen twenties. Ansichtkaart
- Uitgave: N.V. Magazijn "De Bijenkorf", Amsterdam-Den Haag. |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| |
1907
年——威廉·门格尔伯格在大礼堂的指挥台上与阿姆斯特丹国家交响乐团共事。 |
|
|
|
| |
1907 - Willem Mengelberg met
het Concertgebouworkest op het podium van de Grote Zaal |
|
|
|
| |
新文艺复兴风格的音乐厅
阿姆斯特丹的音乐厅由建筑师 A.L.
范根特设计。范根特还设计过弗拉斯卡蒂剧院和伊斯布里克咖啡馆等建筑。他以使用莱比锡的歌剧院大厅作为设计灵感来源。这座音乐厅采用了国际新文艺复兴风格,但其使用带有水平状天然石条的花岗岩材料,这体现了荷兰的传统风格。位于范巴尔勒街的前厅有着古典主义的檐柱,顶部装饰着一个门楣。檐柱之间摆放着著名作曲家贝多芬、斯韦林克和巴赫的半身像。“音乐厅”这几个字用金色字体标注在法语标识上,而铜管乐器上则有一段描述,由范根特所写,内容为“音乐的天才和音韵艺术的缪斯以及相关的姐妹们”。屋顶上闪烁着一个三米高的金色圆环,其重量至少为
607 千克。
在这片田野的深处
音乐厅于 1886 年建成。但当时它还位于城外的未开发区域,位于一片农田之中。直到 1888
年,其大门才能对外开放。在此之前,需要先拆除围墙、铺设道路并安装路灯。如今,这座音乐厅已融入了阿姆斯特丹博物馆广场的市区环境中,这里也是游客最多的景点之一。
特殊地位
1972 年,该音乐厅被授予国家古迹的称号。在 2013 年该建筑建成 125
周年之际,它还获得了皇家地位的认定。自此,它的正式名称变成了“皇家音乐厅”。
保护性音响系统和现代化侧翼
音乐厅的大厅以其出色的音响效果而闻名。在对大厅进行改造时,会保留其原有的结构和布局,以保持这种音响效果。然而,其外部在改造过程中发生了重大变化,因为东侧新建了一个侧翼。这一改造工程是
1985 至 1988
年的重建计划的一部分,由建筑师皮·德·布鲁因负责执行。侧翼部分由在第一层增加的结构构成,该结构通过立柱支撑在门廊上。其水平的形状和大量使用玻璃的设计赋予了这个侧翼部分一种飘浮的特色。在侧翼部分,设有新的主入口和一个额外的门厅。此外,当人们在入口处排队等候时,侧翼部分还可作为遮雨的顶棚使用。 |
|
|
|
| |
Muziekverering in
neorenaissancestijl
Het Concertgebouw in Amsterdam is ontworpen door architect A.L. van
Gendt. Van Gendt is onder andere bekend als architect van theater
Frascati en café de Ysbreeker. Als inspiratiebron voor het Concertgebouw
heeft hij de concertzaal Gewandhaus in Leipzig gebruikt. Het
Concertgebouw is in de internationale neorenaissancestijl opgetrokken,
maar het gebruik van baksteen met horizontale natuurstenen banden laat
invloeden van de Nederlandse tradities zien. De voorgevel aan de Van
Baerlestraat heeft een classicistische zuilenrij, bekroond met een
fronton. Tussen de zuilen hangen bustes van de beroemde componisten
Beethoven, Sweelinck en Bach. “Concert-gebouw” staat in gouden letters
op het fries aangegeven en op het timpaan staat een voorstelling die Van
Gendt beschreef als “de genius der muziek en de muze der toonkunst en
aanverwante zusteren”. Op het dak blinkt een drie meter hoge gouden lier
die maar liefst 607 kilo weegt.
Midden in het weiland
Het Concertgebouw is gereed in 1886. Het staat op dat moment echter
buiten de bebouwde kom, midden in een weiland. Voor het haar deuren kan
openen in 1888, wordt eerst een sloot gedempt, de toegangswegen bestraat
en straatverlichting aangebracht. Inmiddels is het Concertgebouw
opgenomen in de stedelijke context van het Museumplein, een van de
drukstbezochte plekken in Amsterdam.
Speciale status
In 1972 krijgt het Concertgebouw de status van een rijksmonument. Bij de
viering van het 125-jarige bestaan van het gebouw in 2013, krijgt het
Concertgebouw ook een Koninklijke status toegewezen. Sindsdien is de
officiële naam het Koninklijke Concertgebouw.
Beschermde akoestiek en moderne zijvleugel
De Grote Zaal van het Concertgebouw staat bekend om haar akoestiek. Bij
renovaties aan de zaal wordt de oorspronkelijke vormgeving en de
afwerking intact gelaten om zo deze akoestiek te kunnen behouden. Het
exterieur daarentegen is wel bij een renovatie ingrijpend veranderd door
de aanbouw van een nieuwe zijvleugel aan de oostzijde. Deze aanbouw
maakte onderdeel uit van het renovatieplan van 1985-1988 dat is
uitgevoerd onder leiding van architect Pi de Bruijn. De zijvleugel
bestaat uit een uitbreiding op de eerste verdieping die met pilaren op
de stoep steunt. De horizontale vorm en het gebruik van veel glas dragen
bij aan het zwevende karakter van deze zijvleugel. In de zijvleugel is
de nieuwe hoofdingang en een extra foyer ondergebracht. Daarnaast dient
de zijvleugel ook als overkapping tegen de regen wanneer men in de rij
voor de ingang wacht. |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| |
门盖尔贝格和阿姆斯特丹皇家音乐厅 |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
最受欢迎的荷兰人
作为民族英雄,concertgebouw管弦乐队的音乐家和他们的首席指挥受到欢迎。1927年的一张照片显示,威廉·蒙格伯格(Willem
Mengelberg)和他的音乐家们在德国和瑞士巡演结束后回到了车站。一手拿着雪茄,一手拿着丝带欢迎你;月桂花冠——体育英雄获胜后的传统。同年,根据《het
Leven》杂志的一项调查,蒙伯格被选为最受欢迎的荷兰人。concertgebouw管弦乐队也很有名,很受欢迎。
年轻的威廉
威廉·蒙伯格1871年出生于乌得勒支。他的父母是德国人,搬到了荷兰,因为他的父亲弗里德里希·威廉(Friedrich
Wilhelm)在乌得勒支(Utrecht)建立了一个工作室,担任教会艺术的雕刻家和画家。年轻的威廉师从约翰·范·里姆斯迪克和理查德·霍尔学习作曲和钢琴,后来在科隆音乐学院师从弗朗茨·伍尔夫纳等人。毕业后,他成为卢塞恩的唱诗班和管弦乐指挥。1895年,他被任命接替威廉·克斯担任concertgebouw管弦乐队的首席指挥。
纪律
例如,24岁的蒙格伯格将接管阿姆斯特丹的管弦乐队,准备迈出新的一步。威廉·克斯(Willem
Kes)在公司成立的7年里,教会了这家最初不受监管的公司严格的纪律——这对要求严格的蒙格伯格来说是一个重要的原则。作为首席指挥,他从一开始就是一个完美主义者、任性和专制的人。
传奇的关系
随着他的到来,蒙格伯格用当代作曲家的作品丰富了concertgebouw管弦乐队的曲目。当时公众并不认为理所当然的音乐——现在是管弦乐队的核心曲目。蒙格伯格与古斯塔夫·马勒、理查德·施特劳斯、谢尔盖·拉赫玛尼诺夫和伊戈尔·斯特拉文斯基等人的个人关系在乐团和这些仍在崛起的明星之间产生了密切的联系——施特劳斯甚至把英雄主义献给了蒙格伯格和他的乐团。
蒙格伯格邀请上述作曲家指挥他们自己的作品,或作为独奏者与管弦乐队一起表演。德彪西、勋伯格、迪潘布洛克、施莱克、拉威尔和米尔豪德也有自己的音乐。这就产生了一个重要的传统;即使是现在,作曲家们仍然定期在concertgebouw管弦乐队指挥自己和/或他人的作品。 |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| |
阿姆斯特丹音乐厅管弦乐团,威廉·门格尔伯格,1926 - 1931
年首次录音(英国引进版) |
|
|
|
| |
Amsterdam Concert Orchestra, Wilhelm
Mengelberg, first recording (introduced to the UK in 1926 - 1931) |
|
|
|
| |
Populairste
Nederlander
Als nationale helden worden de musici van het Concertgebouworkest en hun
chef-dirigent onthaald. Op een foto uit 1927 staat Willem Mengelberg op
het station te midden van zijn musici bij thuiskomst van een tournee
door Duitsland en Zwitserland. Sigaar in de ene hand en een
welkomstkrans met linten in de andere; de lauwerkrans – traditioneel
voor sporthelden na hun overwinning. In datzelfde jaar wordt Mengelberg
verkozen tot populairste Nederlander op basis van een enquête door het
veelgelezen tijdschrift Het Leven. Ook het Concertgebouworkest is
beroemd en geliefd.
De jonge Willem
Willem Mengelberg wordt in 1871 geboren in Utrecht. Zijn ouders zijn
Duits en verhuizen naar Nederland omdat vader Friedrich Wilhelm in
Utrecht een atelier vestigt als beeldhouwer en schilder van kerkelijke
kunst. De jonge Willem krijgt compositie- en pianolessen van Johan van
Riemsdijk en Richard Hol, en studeert later aan het conservatorium van
Keulen bij onder meer Franz Wüllner. Na zijn studie is hij koor- en
orkestdirigent in Luzern. In 1895 wordt hij gevraagd Willem Kes op te
volgen als chef-dirigent bij het Concertgebouworkest
Discipline
Zo krijgt de 24-jarige Mengelberg de leiding over het orkest in
Amsterdam dat klaar is voor een nieuwe stap. Willem Kes heeft het
oorspronkelijk ongeregeld gezelschap in het zevenjarig bestaan strenge
discipline bijgebracht – voor de veeleisende Mengelberg een belangrijk
beginsel. Als chef-dirigent is hij van meet af aan perfectionistisch,
eigenzinnig en autoritair. |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
|
|
| |
这首赞美诗“我的上帝愿这一切永远发生”对应的页面,上面有门格尔贝格的注释。 |
|
|
|
| |
The page of the chorale "Was
mein
Gott will das g'scheh allzeit"
with Menngelberg's annotations |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
|
|
| |
阿姆斯特丹音乐厅管弦乐团,威廉·门格尔伯格,1926 -
1931 年首次录音(英国引进版) |
|
|
|
| |
Amsterdam Concert Orchestra,
Wilhelm Mengelberg, first recording (introduced to the UK in 1926 -
1931) |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| |
门盖尔贝格(Willem Mengelberg ) |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
|
|
| |
门盖尔贝格(Willem Mengelberg )在旅行演出的途中 |
|
|
|
| |
Mengelberg (Willem
Mengelberg) was on a tour performance journey |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| |
最受欢迎的荷兰人
作为民族英雄,阿姆斯特丹音乐厅管弦乐团音乐家和他们的首席指挥受到欢迎。1927年的一张照片显示,威廉·门盖尔贝格(Willem
Mengelberg)和他的音乐家们在德国和瑞士巡演结束后回到了车站。一手拿着雪茄,一手拿着丝带欢迎你;月桂花冠——体育英雄获胜后的传统。同年,根据《het
Leven》杂志的一项调查,门盖尔贝格被选为最受欢迎的荷兰人。concertgebouw管弦乐队也很有名,很受欢迎。 |
|
|
|
| |
Populairste
Nederlander
Als nationale helden worden de musici van het
Concertgebouworkest en hun chef-dirigent onthaald. Op een foto
uit 1927 staat Willem Mengelberg op het station te midden van
zijn musici bij thuiskomst van een tournee door Duitsland en
Zwitserland. Sigaar in de ene hand en een welkomstkrans met
linten in de andere; de lauwerkrans – traditioneel voor
sporthelden na hun overwinning. In datzelfde jaar wordt
Mengelberg verkozen tot populairste Nederlander op basis van een
enquête door het veelgelezen tijdschrift Het Leven. Ook het
Concertgebouworkest is beroemd en geliefd. |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| |
|
门盖尔贝格和托斯卡尼尼 |
|
Mengegelberg
and Toscanini |
|
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| |
1909 年 -
阿姆斯特丹音乐厅,室内乐音乐会。指挥:科内利斯·多珀、古斯塔夫·马勒、亨德里克·弗里耶尔、威廉·门格尔伯格、阿尔丰斯·迪彭布罗克。 |
|
|
|
| |
1909 - Concertgebouw
Amsterdam, v.l.n.r. Cornelis Dopper, Gustav Mahler, Hendrik
Freijer, Willem Mengelberg, Alphons Diepenbrock |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| |
1937
年——威廉·门格尔伯格和伊戈尔·斯特拉文斯基在与阿姆斯特丹爱乐乐团的一次排练中(照片:@NMI) |
|
|
|
| |
1937 - Willem
Mengelberg en Igor Stravinsky tijdens een repetitie met het
Concertgebouworkest (foto: @NMI) |
|
|
|
| |
Today in
the history of music
On March 22, 1950, the 80-year-old conductor Willem Mengelberg,
who had conducted the orchestra at the Amsterdam concert hall
for half a century but was banned from Dutch music for life for
his cultural cooperation with Nazi invaders during world war ii,
died in Switzerland.
Willem Mengelberg was born on March 28, 1871, in Utrecht, the
Netherlands.A symphony conductor in a romantic tradition, he
developed the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra (1895-1945) into
one of the best orchestras in the world.
Although toscanini had more influence on later generations than
anyone else, this does not mean that he also left a mark on
contemporary conductors.Most of their styles follow the
traditions of the 19th century and have been shaped.When you
look back at the peak of tuscanini in the first half of the 20th
century, it was a golden age, a time of great opportunity, a
time that will never happen again.Nikesh, muk and mahler were
all very active.In addition to toscanini, there were a number of
well-known conductors, such as weingartner, walter, futwangler,
beauchum, stokowski, reiner, anseme, kleber, monte, klempeller,
kucevitsky, ormandy, sell.
Some of these people are the antithesis of toscanini.Three of
the leading conductors, mengelberg, futwangler and walter, were
known as romantics, who represented romanticism rather than the
modern tradition.Of the three, mengelberg was the greatest of
the technical types, like horowitz in command, with boundless
emotion and energy.He was short and round and often called the
napoleon of the band.Given his casual approach to music and his
habit of revising scores, it is not surprising to hear that the
person who influenced him most was mahler, whom he met in
1902.Mengelberg told the BBC symphony orchestra that he was a
complete and utter mahler. British viola player and writer
George Bernard shaw quoted him as saying:
Beethoven, like many composers, would revise his scores, even
after publication, and then he went deaf.So why can't the
conductor change the score?We often know more than composers.I
was sidler's best student, he was Beethoven's best student, so I
knew what Beethoven meant.(mengelberg was joking with the
band.By "sidler," he meant schindler, who died in 1864, and
mengelberg, who was born in 1871.)This is by strauss. I've been
friends with Richard strauss since I was a kid, so I know what
he's trying to say, so let's change it.
We should not be too critical of this attitude on the part of
mengelberg, at least not more so than we are of Wagner, mahler,
or any other post-romantic musician.Even in the days of
mengelberg, it was common for performers to help composers who
lacked a sense of violence.When boussoni was criticized for
rewriting parts of frank's prelude, hymn, and fugue, he simply
and reasonably replied that frank didn't always know how to
write it to get the effect he wanted.At the risk of being bored,
I repeat that fidelity to music is a recent invention;We should
not condemn a nineteenth century musician for following the
fashion of his time, any more than we should condemn the early
Italian artists for not knowing perspective.
Trained in Germany, he conducted in lucerne for five years
before returning to his native Holland in 1895 to become
director of the orchestra of the Amsterdam concert hall.He
developed a small local band into one of the best in the
symphonic world.He commanded the regiment for forty-one years
until 1941.During world war ii, mengelberg collaborated with the
Nazi government, and in 1945 the Dutch reputation board banned
him from continuing any musical activities.He defended himself
with art."My art is a public property and should not deprive
anyone of the right to enjoy it.I'm not interested in
politics."In 1941 he took up a post in the German cultural
cabinet and commanded in Germany throughout the second world
war.
He was a conductor of exceptional skill and drive, particularly
fascinated by the large, complex music of mahler and
strauss.Strauss dedicated Ein Heldenleben to him, and it is
generally accepted that no conductor can deliver such
excitement, brilliance, and drama.Mengelberg left behind a
record for the world to witness.As a master of style, he
belonged to the Wagnerian school.As a true romantic, he would
slow down in comparison passages, using free speed, leaving
little room for imagination.As late as the 1930s, he had the
strings use slippage in the adagio section of the ninth symphony
to enhance the emotional effect.This anachronistic effect, and
his change of pace, displeased many musicians and
critics;However, his sense of drama and the effect of giant oil
painting made the audience crazy.As Lawrence Gilman put it: "his
faults are irritating, but his virtues are noble."
Mengelberg was active in the United States, appearing frequently
after 1905.In 1919 he was approached by the Boston symphony
orchestra to succeed mook.Finally because the money did not
agree."In my mind, the United States has always been a very rich
country," he told a reporter. "but from my endowment, it doesn't
seem that way."He later conducted the New York Philharmonic,
working with toscanini from 1927 to 1928.One mountain does not
make two tigers, and mengelberg is the loser.Winthrop Sargeant
said Mr. Mencelberg taught the orchestra perfectly, but Mr.
Toscanini didn't think so, and he began to reinvent the
orchestra, discarding all of Mr. Mencelberg's cherished
ideas.Toscanini's way of dealing with errors (sargent) is not a
rational explanation but a rage, in which he breaks the musical
frame with his baton.Mengelberg represents "a man of principle
and tradition, fighting for a moral system of music that he
believes is greater than himself.On the other hand, a ruthless
and autocratic genius sweeps everything in front of him,
demanding obedience to standards set purely by instinct, rather
than to rules and order.The band's musicians knew who would be
the winner, and poor mengelberg's rehearsals turned into a
mess.Mengelberg believed in his gun, but he lost his power and
authority.He wanted to stick it out, endured some musical season
abuse, but eventually returned home, never to return.
Mengelberg also had the distinction of being the most obsessive
talker of all conductors in history.Carl Flesch once looked at
his watch during a rehearsal.The conductor spoke for an hour and
a half, then rehearsed for only three-quarters of an
hour.Bernard shaw described the first rehearsal for mengelberg,
after he had retired.Mengelberg appeared and began to recall his
wonderful experiences conducting orchestras around the
world."There's nothing I don't know, you see.Now, Mr. Oboe, give
me an A."Then the band spent twenty-five minutes tuning up until
the conductor was satisfied.It was a thorough ceremony.First the
violin is tuned to the oboe, then the whole string part, then
the whole orchestra, then the bassoon.When the band found A, the
violin began to tune the other strings.The oboe, like an
archbishop, must "stand up and play in the direction of the
parts in order to be heard at a distance.And mengelberg sits on
the podium like a giant Buddha, criticizing the smallest steps
one by one."Eventually, the orchestra reduced the tuning time to
five or six minutes.Some conductors are especially sensitive to
tuning.When Sir Henry wood was in charge of the early queen's
hall band, he built a special tuner that blew a reed with a
bellows to keep it vibrating 435.5 times a second at 59 degrees
Fahrenheit.He required every musician to register for tuning at
the machine backstage.
As is often the case with masters of technique, Mr. Mencelberg's
reputation dissipated quickly after his death.Mengelberg was
born at a time when his two great legacies, technique and
romanticism, were viewed with suspicion.Posterity has not been
fair to him, and he deserves more.His music may be too
artificial by today's standards, but it has always been full of
vitality, drive and a sense of faith.No one has ever surpassed
his musical touch, not even kucevitsky and stokowski.There was a
real power to this little man, a great individual and one of the
band's most reliable owners.
1. Mengelberg conducts Tchaikovsky's fifth symphony, 1943,
Budapest;2. Video of mengelberg conducting a rare concert with
the orchestra of Amsterdam (recorded in 1931). |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| |
门盖尔贝格与阿姆斯特丹皇家交响乐团录制的唱片 |
|
|
|
| |
The records recorded
by Mendelberg and the Royal J Orchestra of Amsterdam |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
| |
1999年英国《古典CD》杂志评选的20世纪100位伟大的指挥家,门盖尔贝格被列为第21位,说明他在这些权威乐评家心中的位置 |
|
|
|
| |
In 1999, Mendelberg
was ranked 21st among the 100 great conductors of the 20th
century by the British magazine Classical CD,Explain his
position in the eyes of these authoritative music critics. |
|
|
|
| |
 |
|
|
|
| |
1999年英国《古典CD》杂志评选的20世纪100位伟大的指挥家,门盖尔贝格被列为第21位 |
|
|
|
| |
In 1999, Mendelberg
was ranked 21st among the 100 great conductors of the 20th
century by the British magazine Classical CD |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
门盖尔贝格和阿姆斯特丹管弦乐团合作的珍贵音乐会录像,1931年录制柏辽兹拉科奇进行曲等
|
|
|
|
| |
Willem Mengelberg & Concertgebouw
Orchestra (1931 Movie) |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
未得原作者编者授权严禁转载www.mt77.com任何内容 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|