1782年10月27日，尼科洛·帕格尼尼在热那亚出生。“我五岁半时，我的父亲、一个商人，教我弹曼陀铃。差不多在那个时候，救世主出现在我母亲的梦中，允许她许一个愿，于是她便请求让她的儿子成为一个伟大的小提琴家；她的愿望实现了。”（1828年2月28日凌晨3点听写的《自传》）
　

尼科罗·帕格尼尼（Niccolò Paganini ，1782年10月27日—1840年5月27日），意大利小提琴、吉他演奏家、作曲家、早期浪漫乐派音乐家，是历史上最著名的小提琴大师之一， 这位处于古典主义晚期和浪漫主义早期的小提琴大师，对小提琴演奏技术进行了大胆探索。

帕格尼尼开拓了近代小提琴的演奏技巧，成为名震欧洲的最著名小提琴家。他的演奏技巧高超，表情丰富，情绪激奋，如痴如醉，引人入迷。他常在音乐会上才华横溢地即兴演奏。为了炫耀技巧，他甚至故意弄断小提琴上的一两根弦，然后在剩下的琴弦上继续演奏。他的作品和演奏技巧几乎慑服了欧洲所有的艺术家，如文学大师司汤达、巴尔扎克、梅涅、大仲马，音乐大师肖邦、舒曼、李斯特等，听过他的演奏无不为之激动不已。他对肖邦、柏辽兹尤其是李斯特等人的音乐创作，产生了强烈的影响。

当年的文学家海涅在一篇文章里是这样介绍帕格尼尼的音乐会:
当帕格尼尼重新开始演奏时，我的眼前黯淡下来。曲调没有变幻出明快的形式和明亮的色彩；大师形象被昏暗的阴影所笼罩，他的音乐自黑暗中发出极尖锐的悲叹声。间或，悬在他头顶的小灯以微弱的灯光投向他;只是此时，我才看得见他那了无血色的面容，但他脸上的青春并没有逝去。他的外衣十分抢眼，析出两种颜色，半是黄色，半是红色。他的脚上拴着沉重的镣铐。他的身后隐隐约约闪现出一张脸，其容貌有几分像滑稽的山羊，双手裸露长毛，看起来也像山羊蹄子；时而，我发现这双手伸向帕格尼尼手中的提琴，乐于助人似地拨弄琴弦；时而，他也把持着帕格尼尼拉弓的那只手，使小提琴涌出的越来越痛苦悲伤的曲调声中，伴入了咩咩的赞许笑声。这曲调宛如堕落天使们的歌声，她们因为拥抱了大地的女儿而被逐出天国，带着瘦削绯红的脸蛋隆降下人间尘世。这是来自无底深渊的曲调，没有安慰，没有希冀。如果天上圣人听见这种曲调，上帝的赞美也会黯然失色，他们将羞愧得无地自容！每当那须臾不肯离舍的、咩咩的山羊笑声伴入提琴曲的悲伤旋律时，我偶尔瞥见背景中也有一群小个子丑陋女人，她们狡黠、诙谐地点着头，面带幸灾乐祸的表情，指手画脚地大肆嘲讽。未几，提琴声中逸出了恐惧的音调，一声惊叹，一场抽噎，这声音在人世间从来没有听到过，或许在人世间永远也不会再听到，除非是在世界末日的约撒法特山谷，当法庭的巨大长号奏响，赤身裸体的尸首们从坟墓中爬出来，期待着他们的命运之时……然而，痛苦的琴师突然运出了极为绝望的一弓，以至于脚镣铿锵断裂，那些阴森森的助手连同讥讽魔鬼统统销声匿迹。       

他到处举行独奏音乐会，绝技超群的名声迅速传遍意大利。摆脱了父亲严厉控制的帕格尼尼尽情享受着自由的乐趣。他喜欢追逐漂亮的女性，喜欢大手巴地花钱，喜欢赌博，有时打起牌来会手巴靠演出挣来的一笔数目惊人的巨款输得精光，但却满不在乎！他天生一副古怪、丑陋而又精致的长相，而他拉琴的技巧又那么神妙莫测，再加上他那一连串的风流艳事与放纵的生活方式，于是各种关于他的离奇的故事很快便传播开来。这些奇谈怪论只能使他更加出名!
1839年10月，大师的身体终于彻底垮了下来，人们把他护送到法国南部疗养圣地尼斯。
1840年5月27日，帕格尼尼濒临死亡。天主教会打算利用这最后的机会拉他回头，他们派了一名神父前去为大师举行临终圣餐与忏悔。帕格尼尼不仅坚决拒绝了这一套仪式，而且与天主教开了个最后的玩笑。神父吓得破门而逃，帕格尼尼开心得放声大笑！因笑得太厉害而引起连连咳嗽，哽咽住气管，一命呜呼。
奇特的天才即使在死后也继续经历着奇特的遭遇。由于他生前与宗教势不两立，天主教会下令禁止帕格尼尼的尸体入土埋葬。人们只好将他的遗体涂上防腐剂，送到麻风病院里存放。最后，在巨大的社会舆论压力下，法国有关当局终于批准将已经曝尸4年之久的大师遗体运回意大利下葬。1896年，人们把帕格尼尼安葬在帕尔马新公墓。
今日视频：1、第58届帕格尼尼小提琴比赛决赛，章奥哲演奏帕格尼尼协奏曲、柴可夫斯基协奏曲演出片段；2、 【魔鬼小提琴家帕格尼尼】-琴弦上的魔王。

Today's video: 1. Augustin Hardlich performs Rallo's "Symphony of Spain"; 2. Edgar Moreau performs the cello concerto by Édouard Rallo (1823 - 1892).  

安格尔曾经在罗马为帕格尼尼画过像，而且对他的演奏，特别是演奏古典大师们的作品十分钦佩。迪瓦尔告诉我们，幕布打开时，舞台上是空的，没有布景和道具。然后一位瘦高、身穿黑色服装，简直像魔鬼一样的人走上了舞台。大厅里鸦雀无声，令人有些毛骨悚然。然而从他演奏第一个音起，就把听众给抓住了。安格尔表现出颇为佩服的神态。但是当帕格尼尼突然尽情地施展所谓的“产生这样奇怪的演奏学派的绝技”的时候，安格尔脸上露出了愤怒的表情。听众越来越高兴，他却变得更加愤怒了。最后他终于站起来高声喊道：“他不是帕格尼尼！他是个异教徒，是个叛徒！”忠于古典传统的安格尔感觉自己受到了表现主义的亵渎。这位深深扎根于艺术纯净血统之中，主张在艺术中运用理智的安格尔，在帕格尼尼的身上看到了自己理想的对立面。但是在听众席中还有另外一位反应完全不同的画家，那就是安格尔最大的敌人，浪漫主义的德拉克洛瓦。德拉克洛瓦完全被帕袼尼尼征服了。在他的《回忆录》中他这样写道：“在我们面前的是一位创造家！是位真正的艺术家！”

On October 27, 1782, Niccolò Paganini was born in Genoa. "When I was five and a half years old, my father, a merchant, taught me to play the mandolin. Around that time, the Savior appeared in my mother's dream and allowed her to make a wish. So she asked that her son become a great violinist; her wish was fulfilled." (Transcribed from the autobiography at 3 a.m. on February 28, 1828)

Niccolò Paganini (1782 - 1840), an Italian violinist, guitarist, composer, and early Romantic musician, was one of the most famous violin masters in history. This violinist, who was at the end of the Classical period and the beginning of the Romantic period, boldly explored the playing techniques of the violin. Paganini expanded the playing techniques of the modern violin and became the most famous violinist in Europe. His playing skills were superb, his expressions were rich, his emotions were intense, and he was entrancing and captivating. He often performed impromptu masterfully at concerts. To show off his skills, he even deliberately broke one or two strings on the violin, and then continued playing on the remaining strings. His works and playing techniques almost overwhelmed all the artists in Europe, such as the literary masters Stendhal, Balzac, Méne, and Dumas, the music masters Chopin, Schumann, and Liszt, etc. Those who heard his performance were all deeply moved. He had a strong influence on the musical creations of Chopin, Berlioz, and especially Liszt. The literary figure Heinrich Heine described Paganini's concerts in an article as follows: When Paganini resumed playing, my vision dimmed. The melody did not transform into a lively form or bright colors; the master's image was shrouded in dark shadows, and his music emitted a sharp lamentation from the darkness. Occasionally, a faint light shone on him from above; only then could I see his pale face, but his youth had not faded. His coat was very eye-catching, separating into two colors, half yellow, half red. His feet were tied with heavy shackles. Behind him, faintly appeared a face, somewhat like a comical goat, with long hair on his hands, looking like goat hooves; sometimes, I noticed his hands reaching towards the violin in his hand, helping-like, plucking the strings; sometimes, he held the hand that was pulling the bow, adding a咩咩-like approving laughter to the increasingly painful and sad melody emerging from the violin. This melody was like the singing of fallen angels， who， because they embraced the daughter of the earth， were expelled from heaven and fell down to the earthly realm with thin and red faces. This was a melody from the bottomless abyss， without consolation or hope. If the saints in heaven heard this melody， the praise of God would lose its luster， and they would be ashamed beyond belief！ Every time the sheep-like goat laughter accompanied the sad melody of the violin， I occasionally caught a glimpse of a group of small and ugly women in the background， they were cunning and humorous， nodding their heads， showing malicious expressions， and pointing and gesticulating wildly in mockery. Soon， a fearful tone emerged in the violin sound， an exclamation， a sob， this sound had never been heard in the world， perhaps never again in the world， except in the Yotzafat Valley of the Last Days， when the huge bugle of the court sounded， naked corpses emerged from the graves， awaiting their fate， expecting their destiny... However， the painful musician suddenly delivered an extremely desperate bow， so that the shackles clanged and broke， and those sinister assistants， along with the mocking devil， all vanished without a trace. He gave solo concerts everywhere, and his reputation for extraordinary skills spread rapidly throughout Italy. Freed from his father's strict control, Paganini fully enjoyed the pleasures of freedom. He liked chasing beautiful women, spending lavishly with his big hands, and gambling. Sometimes he would lose all the money he earned from performances in a single game, but he didn't care at all! He had a strange, ugly yet exquisite appearance, and his piano-playing skills were so mysterious and unpredictable. Coupled with his series of romantic affairs and indulgent lifestyle, all kinds of bizarre stories about him soon spread. These strange tales only made him more famous! In October 1839, the master's body finally completely collapsed. People took him to the southern resort of Nice in France for recuperation. On May 27, 1840, Paganini was on the verge of death. The Catholic Church intended to use this last chance to bring him back, and they sent a priest to perform the last communion and confession for the master. Paganini not only firmly refused this set of rituals, but also played a final joke on the Catholic Church. The priest was scared and ran out of the door, while Paganini happily laughed! Due to laughing too hard, he caused continuous coughing, choked his windpipe, and died. The extraordinary genius continued to experience strange encounters even after death. Because he was at odds with religion during his lifetime, the Catholic Church ordered that Paganini's body not be buried in the ground. People had to apply a preservative to his body and store it in a leprosy hospital. Finally, under the huge pressure of public opinion, the French authorities finally approved the transportation of the master's body, which had been exposed to the elements for four years, back to Italy for burial. In 1896, people buried Paganini in the new cemetery of Parma. Today's video: 1. The 58th Paganini Violin Competition Final, Zhang Aozhe performed excerpts from Paganini's concertos and Tchaikovsky's concertos; 2. "The Devil Violinist Paganini" - The King on Strings.

【片段】【魔鬼小提琴家帕格尼尼】-琴弦上的魔王

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