中美在线音乐会,田元&爸爸 演奏巴赫-古诺 圣母颂

1893年10月18日，早晨6点25分，查尔斯.古诺离开了人间，享年75岁。他之前已经昏迷了两天，但手中始终握着十字架。
查尔斯·弗朗索瓦·古诺（Charles Francois Gounod,1818－1893），法国作曲家，1818年6月18日生于巴黎﹐1893年10月18日卒于圣克卢。父亲是画家﹐曾获罗马大奖赛第 2名。母亲是钢琴家。古诺自幼从母亲学音乐﹐后来又拜作曲家A.雷哈为师﹐在上大学之前已具有相当高的音乐修养﹐同时还学习美术。
古诺1836年入巴黎音乐学院﹐从阿莱维﹐E.L.学对位法﹐从勒絮尔﹐J.-F.学作曲﹐从A.齐默尔曼学钢琴。入学第2年即获罗马大奖第2名﹐1839年获罗马大奖第1名。同年赴罗马进修。1841年5月1日﹐他的第1部重要作品《三声部弥撒曲》在罗马上演。1842年秋离罗马回国﹐沿途访问了维也纳﹑柏林等地﹐接触到各国音乐的优秀作品和著名人物。在莱比锡受到门德尔松﹐F.的热情接待﹐亲自为他演奏和讲解巴赫的管风琴作品。这些活动对古诺日後的创作产生了深刻影响。回到巴黎后，曾任教堂管风琴师和歌队指挥。1852年任巴黎最大的男声合唱团──“奥费翁合唱团”的指挥。1858年到抒情剧院工作﹐在这里他写出了第1批成功的歌剧作品﹐其中包括使他名垂后世的《浮士德》(1859)。由于普法战争的影响﹐1870年9月古诺携全家避居英国。由于维多利亚女王十分欣赏《浮士德》而得宠于王室﹐一度是英国音乐生活中的红人。1874年6月返回法国﹐不间断地创作直至去世。
创作生涯
古诺早年热心於宗教﹐在罗马期间﹐西斯廷教堂的歌声﹐尤其是帕莱斯特里纳﹐G.P.da作品中的复调音乐手法﹐对他产生了深刻的影响。这个时期的作品﹐几乎全部是宗教题材的﹐其中1855年11月22日首演的《圣塞西勒庆典弥撒曲》概括了这一阶段的风格特征﹕古朴的复调风格中加入了热情的气质﹐经常用半音转调加以修饰和扩展的收束式﹐严谨的曲调与织体中透露出丰富﹑灵活的戏剧性手法﹐并使用了独唱和管弦乐队。这是一种华丽和热情﹐却又不失其真诚﹑质朴的风格。这部作品是对宗教音乐的一次改革。
离开神学院之后﹐古诺的注意力就转向歌剧方面。他的第1部歌剧《萨福》於1851年首演﹐并不成功。1852年上演的第 2部歌剧《残酷的修女》明显地模仿迈耶贝尔﹐G.的大歌剧﹐也归于失败。此后他逐渐摈弃了虚饰浮华的大场面﹐摆脱了统治法国歌剧30年之久的迈耶贝尔模式的影响﹐确立了自己的质朴而柔美多情的风格。
虽然古诺在宗教音乐和器乐领域都有卓越的才能﹐也都有成功的作品﹐但人们主要将他看作一个熟谙声乐及曲调艺术的歌剧作曲家﹐其代表作品是《浮士德》。
《浮士德》是典型的抒情歌剧﹐剧本作者巴比埃和卡雷只采用了歌德原诗的第一节和女主角玛格丽特与浮士德的爱情悲剧。在这部作品中﹐古诺使用的现实主义的﹑丰富多变而又自然的表现手法﹐用音乐刻划人物性格的高超技巧﹐符合时代潮流的﹑较为通俗的曲调﹐色彩丰富的和声与配器﹐以及富有戏剧性的情节等等﹐都是在大歌剧中所少见的。後来古诺又将道白改为朗诵调﹐增添了芭蕾舞场面﹐于1869年起由巴黎歌剧院演出﹐从此成为最受欢迎的歌剧之一。此外﹐他的著名歌剧还有根据莎士比亚剧本改编的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。
作品风格
古诺的创作发挥了法国音乐优雅﹑清晰﹑匀称﹑洗练﹑真挚的特长﹐其艺术观点代表著新兴资产阶级的理想和追求。就音乐范畴而言﹐他是个眼界开阔的创新人物﹔在技术能力上﹐法国作曲家中难得有人能与之匹敌。但他在政治上﹑美学上有保守主义倾向﹐加之对宗教的沉迷和个性上的软弱﹐限制了他的发展前途。其晚年创作暴露出因袭的迹象﹐当年的质朴变成了平庸。他对比才﹐G.﹑马斯内﹐J.﹑以至德彪西﹐C.和柴科夫斯基﹐..等後来作曲家的影响很大。除大量的歌剧而外﹐他的作品大多为各种形式的宗教音乐﹐包括现今最流行的《圣母颂》（Ave Maria）。
今日视频：1、田元和爸爸演奏巴赫-古诺《圣母颂》；2、合唱 - 巴赫、古诺《圣母颂》;古诺歌剧《浮士德》大都会歌剧院2011。                   
　

On October 18, 1893, at 6:25 in the morning, Charles Gounod passed away at the age of 75. He had been in a coma for two days, but he always held a cross in his hand. Charles Francois Gounod (1818-1893), a French composer, was born in Paris on June 18, 1818, and died in Saint-Cyr on October 18, 1893. His father was a painter and won the 2nd place in the Rome Grand Prix. His mother was a pianist. Gounod learned music from his mother since childhood and later studied under the composer A. Rehha. Before attending university, he already had a considerable musical修养. He also studied art. Gounod entered the Paris Conservatory in 1836 and studied counterpoint with A. Le Sueur， composition with J.-F. Le Sueur， and piano with A. Zimmermann. In the second year of his enrollment， he won the 2nd place in the Rome Grand Prix and the 1st place in 1839. That same year， he went to Rome for further studies. On May 1， 1841， his first important work， "The Three-Part Mass"， was performed in Rome. In the autumn of 1842， he returned to Paris and visited Vienna， Berlin， and other places along the way， encountering excellent works and famous figures from various countries. In Leipzig， he was warmly received by Mendelssohn and F.， and personally played and explained Bach's organ works. These activities had a profound impact on Gounod's later创作. After returning to Paris， he served as a church organist and choral conductor. In 1852， he became the conductor of the largest male chorus in Paris - the "Ophéon Chorus". In 1858， he worked at the Lyric Theatre， where he wrote his first batch of successful operas， including "Faust" (1859)， which made him famous for posterity. Due to the impact of the Franco-Prussian War， in September 1870， Gounod and his family fled to Britain. Queen Victoria of England was very fond of "Faust" and became a favorite in British musical life. In June 1874， he returned to France and continued to create until his death. Career： In his early years， Gounod was enthusiastic about religion. During his time in Rome， the singing in the Sistine Chapel， especially the polyphonic musical techniques in the works of Palestrina， G.P.da， had a profound influence on him. The works from this period were almost all religious-themed， and the "Celebration Mass for Saint Cecile" premiered on November 22， 1855， summarized the style characteristics of this stage： the simple polyphonic style was enriched with passionate temperament， often using half-tone modulation for embellishment and expansion of the conclusion， the rigorous melody and texture revealed rich and flexible dramatic techniques， and the use of solo singing and orchestra. This was a magnificent and passionate style， yet still sincere and simple. This work was a reform of religious music. After leaving the seminary， Gounod's attention turned to opera. His first opera， "Sappho"， premiered in 1851， but was not successful. The second opera he staged in 1852， "The Cruel Nun"， clearly imitated Meyerbeer's grand opera and also failed. After that， he gradually abandoned the elaborate and flashy grand scenes and broke away from the influence of the Meyerbeer model that had dominated French opera for 30 years， establishing his simple and tender， affectionate style. Although Gounod had outstanding talents in religious music and instrumental music and had successful works， people mainly regarded him as a composer of operas who was proficient in vocal and melody art， and his representative work was "Faust". "Faust" is a typical lyric opera. The scriptwriter， Barbey and Carre， only used the first section of Goethe's original poem and the love tragedy between the heroine Marguerite and Faust. In this work, Gounod employed realistic, diverse and natural expression techniques, superb skills in depicting characters through music, tunes that were in line with the times and were relatively simple, rich harmonies and orchestrations, as well as dramatic plots, all of which were rarely seen in grand operas. Later, Gounod changed the dialogues to recitative, added ballet scenes, and began to be performed by the Paris Opera House in 1869. Since then, it has become one of the most popular operas. In addition, his famous operas include "Romeo and Juliet" adapted from Shakespeare's play. Work style Gounod's creation showcased the elegant, clear, symmetrical, concise and sincere characteristics of French music, and his artistic viewpoint represented the ideals and pursuits of the emerging bourgeoisie. In terms of music, he was an innovative figure with broad horizons; among French composers, few could rival him in terms of technical ability. However, he had conservative tendencies in politics and aesthetics, as well as an obsession with religion and weakness in his personality, which limited his development prospects. His later works revealed signs of conventionality, and the simplicity of his style in the past turned into mediocrity. His influence was significant on later composers such as G., Massenet, J., Debussy, C., and Tchaikovsky, etc. Apart from a large number of operas, his works were mostly religious music of various forms, including the most popular "Ave Maria". Today's video: 1. Tian Yuan and his father perform Bach - Gounod's "Ave Maria"; 2. Chorus - Bach, Gounod's "Ave Maria"; Gounod's "Faust" at the Metropolitan Opera House 2011.

合唱 - 巴赫、古诺《圣母颂》

古诺《浮士德》2011大都会歌剧院

古诺(1818--1893）,19 世纪法国作曲家。古诺1836年人巴黎音乐学院,1839 年获罗马作曲大奖。1851年他上演第一部歌剧《萨福》（作于 1851年），他的成名作就是这部《浮士德》。
这部《浮士德》，5幕,古诺作于 1859年,脚本由巴比埃和卡雷根据歌德原诗撰写而成。剧情叙述老哲学家浮士德与魔鬼梅菲斯特签约,出卖自己的灵魂而换回青春,以获得少女玛格丽特的爱情。玛格丽特后来怀孕，遭浮士德遗弃,其兄瓦伦丁与浮士德决斗,而被浮士德杀死。玛格丽特因此而精神错乱，杀死了婴儿,被囚。浮士德与梅菲斯特到狱中营救,但玛格丽特已陷于垂危。她发疯死于狱中,神带她的灵魂升入天国。剧终，浮士德跪在地上，目送她升天,梅菲斯特却被天使用剑刺倒在地，这部歌剧是古诺的代表作。

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